Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs)
and Genital Warts

Revising Medical Author: Melissa Conrad Stoppler, MD
Revising Medical Editor: Jay W. Marks, MD

• What are human papillomaviruses (HPVs)?
• How common is HPV infection?
• What are the symptoms of genital warts?
• How is HPV infection diagnosed?
• How are genital warts diagnosed?
• How is infection with HPV treated?
  • External genital warts
  • Precancerous changes (dysplasia) of the uterine cervix
• Can HPV infection be prevented?
• What should one do if exposed to a person with genital warts?

Who Should Get the HPV Vaccine? Medical Author: Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD Medical Editor: William C. Shiel Jr., MD, FACP, FACR Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection of the cervix can lead to cervical cancer. A vaccine designed to prevent cervical cancer and other diseases caused by infection with HPVs was approved for use in the U.S. in June 2006. This is the first vaccine to be developed against a known risk factor for the development of a cancer. While some HPV types infect the skin and cause benign warts and other lesions, about 40 types of HPVs can infect the genital tract. Genital HPV infection is very common in the general population; estimates suggest that up to 50% of all sexually active people will be infected at some point in their lives. In the majority of cases, the infection does not cause any symptoms, but in some women, HPV infection can progress to cause precancerous and cancerous lesions of the uterine cervix. HPVs that infect the genital area are also associated with other less common genital cancers in men and women such as cancers of the anus, vagina, penis, and vulva. HPV infection also causes genital warts in men and women. The most common HPV types that infect the genital area are HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18. Among these, HPV types 6 and 11 are most commonly associated with benign lesions, such as genital warts and mild precancerous changes of the cervix. In contrast, HPV types 16 and 18 are the types found in the majority of cancers as well as in severe precancerous changes of the cervix. The vaccine, called Gardasil, targets these four common HPV types. Learn who should get the HPV vaccine » Top Searched HPV & Genital Warts Terms: HPV virus, HPV symptoms, HPV vaccine, HPV treatment, cervical cancer, HPV and pregnancy

What are human papillomaviruses (HPVs)?

There are over 100 types of papillomaviruses (HPVs) that infect humans. Of these, more than 40 types can infect the anogenital tract (genital tract and anus) of men and women and cause genital warts (known as condylomata acuminata or venereal warts). A subgroup of the HPVs that infect the anogenital tract (genital tract and anus) can lead to precancerous changes in the uterine cervix and cause uterine, cervical cancer. HPV infection also is associated with the development of other anogenital cancers in women. The HPV types that cause cervical cancer also have been linked with both anal and penile cancer in men as well as a subgroup of head and neck cancers in both women and men. Genital warts and HPV infection are transmitted primarily by sexual intimacy, and the risk of infection increases as the number of sexual partners increase.

The most common HPV types that infect the anogenital tract are HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18 (HPV-6, HPV-11, HPV-16, and HPV-18), although other HPV types can also infect the anogenital tract. Among these, HPV-6 and HPV-11 are most commonly associated with benign lesions such as genital warts and mild dysplasia of the cervix (potentially precancerous changes in the appearance of cervical cells under a microscope) and are termed "low-risk" HPV types. In contrast, HPV-16 and HPV-18 are the types found in the majority of cervical and anogenital cancers as well as severe dysplasia of the cervix. These belong to the so-called "high-risk" group of HPVs.

Other, different HPV types infect the skin and cause common warts elsewhere on the body. Some types of HPVs (e.g., HPV 5 and 8) frequently cause skin cancers in people who have a condition known as epidermodysplasia verruciformis.

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